Lower Extremity Osteology: A Clinical Guide
This anatomical illustration depicts the major bones of the lower extremity in anterior view, demonstrating key skeletal components from femur to phalanges. The diagram provides essential reference points for understanding biomechanical relationships and common pathological conditions.
Anatomical Components and Clinical Significance
Femur Longest bone in human body containing 50% of red marrow volume. Withstands compressive forces of 2.5x body weight during normal gait and up to 10x during running.
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Patella Largest sesamoid bone embedded in quadriceps tendon. Increases mechanical advantage of quadriceps by 30-50% through pulley mechanism.
Tibia Bears 85% of lower leg axial load with cortical thickness 4-7mm. Mechanical axis deviations >3° associate with accelerated osteoarthritis.
Fibula Non-weight-bearing bone providing lateral ankle stability. Essential for talofibular ligament attachment and rotation control.
Tarsals Seven bones including talus and calcaneus. Talus receives 5-7x body weight during normal gait.
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Metatarsals Five long bones with variable loading patterns. Second metatarsal experiences highest stress (2-3x body weight during push-off).
Phalanges Fourteen bones total per foot arranged proximally to distally. Great toe bears 40-60% of forefoot load during propulsion.
Common Pathological Conditions
Femoral neck fractures require urgent fixation due to AVN risk. Garden classification guides treatment decisions.
Tibial plateau fractures affect joint congruity and stability. Schatzker classification determines surgical approach.
Stress fractures commonly affect metatarsals and tibia. Risk factors include training errors and bone metabolism disorders.
Osteoarthritis primarily affects weight-bearing joints. Radiographic changes follow predictable patterns (Kellgren-Lawrence scale).
- Lower Extremity Osteology: Clinical Anatomy Guide
- Leg Bone Anatomy: A Medical Professional’s Reference
- Comprehensive Guide to Lower Limb Skeletal Anatomy
- Understanding Leg Bone Structure and Function
- Clinical Assessment of Lower Extremity Bones
Modern orthopedic practice requires thorough understanding of skeletal biomechanics and common pathological patterns. This knowledge guides diagnostic approaches and treatment selection.
Advanced imaging techniques complement clinical examination skills for precise diagnosis. Evidence-based treatment protocols continue evolving with improved understanding of bone biology and biomechanics.
